12 May 2015

# GRE Probability Questions: Tips and Tricks

“Probability Theory is nothing but common sense reduced to calculation”
-Pierre-Simon Laplace

GRE has its fair share of probability questions. One interesting fact about the probability questions asked in a GRE test is that many a times it is possible to answer the question without resorting to complex calculations involving Bayes' theorem or binomial distribution. Even if you don't arrive at the solution, you can reason it out enough to be able to solve the question by elimination or other tricks.

The purpose of this article is to show you such questions which can be solved using some quick calculations and some logic. We are going to discuss 2 class of such questions below

## Questions that can be solved by using some logic

Consider the following question:

Question: A fair six sided die is rolled two times. What is the probability that the value of the second roll will be less than the value of the first roll?

Click thumbnail to view question

Now lets look at how the nerd in you will want to solve this question. Given below is the formal proof:

Solution 1:
$$\text{Pr }[\textrm{second} > \textrm{first}] + \text{Pr }[\textrm{second} < \textrm{first}] + \text{Pr }[\textrm{second} = \textrm{first}] = 1$$ Because of symmetry ~ \text{Pr }[\text{second} > \text{first}] = \text{Pr }[\text{second} < \text{first}] ~ so, $$\text{Pr }[\text{second} > \text{first}] = \frac{1 - \text{Pr }[\text{second} = \text{first}]}{2} = \frac{1 - \frac{1}{6}}{2} = \frac{5}{12}$$

Solution 2:
1 out of 6 times both the rolls will have same number (eg. 1-1, 2-2 etc.). Therefore 5 out of 6 times the two numbers will be different.
Further, the chance that the first roll is greater than the second must be equal to the chance that the second roll is greater than the first (by the law of symmetry), Hence, in the remaining 5 out of 6 outcomes half of the times the first number will be greater than second and other half of the times it'll be smaller. So 2.5 times out of 6 the second number will be less than the first roll.
2.5 out of 6 = 5 out of 12.
Therefore the answer is $\frac5{12}$

There was no maths involved in the second solution.

## Trick Questions with extraneous data

Such questions generally have a very straightforward answer. The only catch is that you should be able to quickly identify the trick, which is usually extraneous data which doesn't affect the answer.

Example of such questions:

Question: A fair coin when tossed 10 times gives 10 consecutive heads. What is the probability of getting a tail when it is tossed for the eleventh time?

The trick here is to recall that individual coin tosses are independent events - One toss doesn't have any effect on the outcome of the next toss. The probability of getting Head would be $\frac12$ whenever a coin is tossed irrespective of the outcomes the previous tosses.

Another example of such type is:

Question:
What is the probability that a number amongst the first 1000 positive integers is divisible by 8?

Don't directly start counting the multiples of 8. The figure of 1000 is a red herring. The numbers will be 8, 16, 24, 32.. and so on. So, 1 in every 8 numbers is a multiple of 8, even if we consider the first million integers.
Therefore, the probability is $\frac18$